Matsalar "tsufa" a zahiri tana ko'ina.Yanzu lokacin bangaren baturi ne.
"Yawancin sabbin batura masu amfani da makamashi za su sami garantin su a cikin shekaru takwas masu zuwa, kuma yana da gaggawa don magance matsalar rayuwar batir."Kwanan nan, Li Bin, shugaban hukumar NIO, ya yi gargadin sau da dama cewa idan ba a iya magance wannan batu yadda ya kamata ba, za a kashe makudan kudade a nan gaba don magance matsalolin da suka biyo baya.
Ga kasuwar batirin wutar lantarki, wannan shekara shekara ce ta musamman.A cikin 2016, ƙasata ta aiwatar da manufar garanti na shekaru 8 ko 120,000 don sabbin batir abin hawa makamashi.A zamanin yau, batura na sababbin motocin makamashi da aka saya a cikin shekarar farko na manufofin suna gabatowa ko kai ƙarshen lokacin garanti.Bayanai sun nuna cewa nan da shekaru takwas masu zuwa, jimillar sabbin motoci sama da miliyan 19 masu amfani da makamashi za su shiga yanayin maye gurbin batir a hankali.
Ga kamfanonin mota da ke son yin kasuwancin baturi, wannan kasuwa ce da ba za a rasa ta ba.
A cikin 1995, sabuwar motar makamashi ta farko ta ƙasata ta birkice daga layin taro - bas ɗin bas ɗin lantarki mai tsabta mai suna "Yuanwang".A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata tun daga wannan lokacin, sabuwar masana'antar motocin makamashi ta ƙasata ta haɓaka sannu a hankali.
Saboda hayaniyar ta yi ƙanƙanta kuma galibi motocin suna aiki, har yanzu masu amfani ba su sami damar jin daɗin ƙa'idodin garanti na ƙasa ba don "zuciya" na sabbin motocin makamashi - baturi.Wasu larduna, birane ko kamfanonin mota kuma sun ƙirƙira ƙa'idodin garantin batir, mafi yawansu suna ba da garanti na shekaru 5 ko 100,000, amma ƙarfin ɗaure ba shi da ƙarfi.
Sai a shekara ta 2015 ne yadda kasata ke siyar da sabbin motocin makamashi a duk shekara ya fara haura sama da 300,000, wanda ya zama sabon karfi da ba za a yi watsi da shi ba.Bugu da kari, jihar ta samar da manufofin "kudi na gaske" kamar sabon tallafin makamashi da keɓance harajin sayayya don haɓaka sabbin makamashi, kamfanonin motoci da al'umma kuma suna aiki tare.
A cikin 2016, ƙa'idar daidaitaccen garantin baturi mai haɗin kai ya fito.Lokacin garanti na shekaru 8 ko kilomita 120,000 ya fi tsawon shekaru 3 ko kilomita 60,000 na injin.Dangane da manufofin da kuma la'akari da fadada sabbin siyar da makamashi, wasu kamfanonin motoci sun tsawaita lokacin garanti zuwa kilomita 240,000 ko ma garantin rayuwa.Wannan yayi daidai da baiwa masu amfani da ke son siyan sabbin motocin makamashi "tabbaci".
Tun daga wannan lokacin, sabuwar kasuwar makamashi ta ƙasata ta shiga wani mataki na haɓaka mai sauri biyu, tare da tallace-tallacen da ya wuce motoci miliyan ɗaya a karon farko a cikin 2018. Ya zuwa bara, adadin sabbin motocin makamashi tare da garanti na shekaru takwas ya kai 19.5. miliyan, wanda ya ninka sau 60 daga shekaru bakwai da suka gabata.
Hakazalika, daga shekara ta 2025 zuwa 2032, adadin sabbin motocin makamashi da ke da garantin baturi da ya ƙare kuma za su ƙaru a kowace shekara, daga farkon 320,000 zuwa miliyan 7.33.Li Bin ya yi nuni da cewa, daga shekara mai zuwa, masu amfani da su za su fuskanci matsaloli irin su batir ba tare da garanti ba, “batir na ababen hawa na da tsawon rayuwa daban-daban” da kuma tsadar maye gurbin batir.
Wannan al'amari zai fi fitowa fili a farkon rukunin sabbin motocin makamashi.A wancan lokacin, fasahar baturi, hanyoyin sarrafawa, da sabis na tallace-tallace ba su da girma sosai, yana haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali samfurin.A wajen shekarar 2017, labarin gobarar batir mai wuta ya bayyana daya bayan daya.Batun amincin baturi ya zama babban batu a masana'antar kuma ya shafi kwarin gwiwar masu amfani da su wajen siyan sabbin motocin makamashi.
A halin yanzu, gabaɗaya an yi imani da masana'antar cewa rayuwar baturi gabaɗaya kusan shekaru 3-5 ne, kuma rayuwar sabis na mota yawanci ya wuce shekaru 5.Baturin shine mafi tsada kayan sabon abin hawa makamashi, gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar kusan kashi 30% na jimlar kuɗin abin hawa.
NIO tana ba da jeri na bayanin farashi don fakitin baturin maye gurbin tallace-tallace don wasu sabbin motocin makamashi.Misali, karfin batirin lambar samfurin lantarki mai tsafta mai suna "A" ya kai 96.1kWh, kuma kudin maye gurbin baturin ya kai Yuan 233,000.Don samfura masu tsayi biyu masu ƙarfin baturi kusan 40kWh, farashin maye gurbin baturi ya fi yuan 80,000.Hatta ga nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan wutar lantarki da bai wuce 30kWh ba, farashin maye gurbin baturi yana kusa da yuan 60,000.
"Wasu samfura daga masana'antun abokantaka sun yi tafiyar kilomita miliyan 1, amma batura uku sun lalace," in ji Li Bin.Kudin sauya batura uku ya zarce farashin motar da kanta.
Idan aka maida kudin sauya baturi zuwa yuan 60,000, to sabbin motocin makamashi miliyan 19.5 wadanda garantin batir zai kare nan da shekaru takwas za su haifar da sabuwar kasuwa ta dala tiriliyan.Daga sama da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai na lithium zuwa kamfanonin batir na tsakiya zuwa tsaka-tsaki da kamfanonin abin hawa da dillalan tallace-tallace, duk za su amfana da wannan.
Idan kamfanoni suna son samun ƙarin kek, dole ne su yi gasa don ganin wanda zai iya haɓaka sabon baturi wanda zai iya ɗaukar “zukata” na masu amfani da shi.
A cikin shekaru takwas masu zuwa, kusan batura miliyan 20 na abin hawa za su shiga cikin sake zagayowar.Kamfanonin batir da kamfanonin motoci duk suna son kwace wannan “kasuwanci”.
Kamar dai yadda ake samun bambance-bambancen tsarin ci gaban sabbin makamashi, kamfanoni da yawa kuma sun bayyana cewa fasahar batir kuma tana ɗaukar shimfidar layi mai yawa kamar lithium iron phosphate, ternary lithium, lithium iron manganese phosphate, Semi-m state, da dukkan m jihar.A wannan mataki, lithium iron phosphate da ternary lithium baturi ne na al'ada, lissafin kusan 99% na jimlar fitarwa.
A halin yanzu, ƙimar ƙarfin baturi na masana'antu na ƙasa ba zai iya wuce 20% ba yayin lokacin garanti, kuma yana buƙatar rage ƙarfin ƙarfin ba zai wuce 80% bayan 1,000 cikakken caji da zagayowar fitarwa.
Koyaya, a cikin ainihin amfani, yana da wahala a cika wannan buƙatu saboda tasirin ƙarancin zafin jiki da cajin zafin jiki da fitarwa.Bayanai sun nuna cewa a halin yanzu, yawancin batura suna da lafiya 70% kawai a lokacin garanti.Da zarar lafiyar baturi ya faɗi ƙasa da 70%, aikin sa zai ragu sosai, ƙwarewar mai amfani za ta yi tasiri sosai, kuma matsalolin aminci za su taso.
A cewar Weilai, raguwar rayuwar batir na da nasaba da halaye na amfani da masu motoci da kuma hanyoyin “ajiya mota”, wanda “ajiya na mota” ya kai kashi 85%.Wasu kwararrun likitocin sun yi nuni da cewa, yawancin sabbin masu amfani da makamashi a yau sun saba yin amfani da caji mai sauri don cike makamashi, amma yawan yin amfani da caji mai sauri zai kara tsufan baturi da rage rayuwar batir.
Li Bin ya yi imanin cewa shekarar 2024 wani lokaci ne mai matukar muhimmanci."Ya zama dole a tsara ingantaccen tsarin rayuwar batir ga masu amfani, da masana'antu baki daya, da ma daukacin al'umma."
Dangane da ci gaban fasahar baturi a halin yanzu, tsarin batir na tsawon rai ya fi dacewa da kasuwa.Abin da ake kira baturin rayuwa mai tsawo, wanda kuma aka sani da "batir ba attenuation", yana dogara ne akan batir ɗin ruwa da ake da su (yawancin baturan lithium na ternary da baturan lithium carbonate) tare da ingantaccen tsarin nano a cikin kayan lantarki masu inganci da mara kyau don jinkirta lalata baturi. .Wato ana ƙara ingantaccen kayan lantarki tare da "wakili mai cike da lithium", kuma ana amfani da kayan lantarki mara kyau da silicon.
Kalmar masana'antu ita ce "silicon doping and lithium replenishing".Wasu manazarta sun ce a lokacin da ake yin cajin sabbin makamashi, musamman idan ana yawan amfani da caji mai sauri, “shawarwar lithium” za ta faru, wato lithium ya bace.Kariyar lithium na iya tsawaita rayuwar baturi, yayin da siliki doping zai iya rage lokacin cajin baturi cikin sauri.
A gaskiya ma, kamfanoni masu dacewa suna aiki tuƙuru don inganta rayuwar batir.A ranar 14 ga Maris, NIO ta fitar da dabarun batir na tsawon rai.A taron, NIO ta gabatar da cewa na'urar batir mai ƙarfin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi 150kWh da ta ɓullo da ita yana da ƙarfin kuzari fiye da 50% yayin da yake riƙe da girma iri ɗaya.A bara, Weilai ET7 an sanye shi da baturi mai digiri 150 don yin gwaji na gaske, kuma rayuwar batirin CLTC ya wuce kilomita 1,000.
Bugu da kari, NIO ta kuma samar da tsarin batir mai saurin yaduwa na CTP cell mai taushi 100kWh da kuma tsarin batirin 75kWh na ƙarfe na ƙarfe-lithium.Haɓaka babban tantanin halitta siliki tare da juriya na ciki na 1.6 milliohms yana da ƙarfin caji 5C kuma yana iya wucewa har zuwa 255km akan cajin minti 5.
NIO ta ce bisa babban zagayowar maye gurbin batir, rayuwar batir na iya kula da lafiyar kashi 80% bayan shekaru 12, wanda ya zarce matsakaicin masana'antu na kashi 70% na lafiya a cikin shekaru 8.Yanzu, NIO tana haɗin gwiwa tare da CATL don haɗin gwiwar haɓaka batura masu tsayi, tare da burin samun matakin lafiyar da bai wuce 85% ba lokacin da rayuwar baturi ta ƙare a cikin shekaru 15.
Kafin wannan, CATL ta sanar a cikin 2020 cewa ta haɓaka "batir attenuation baturi" wanda zai iya samun raguwar sifili a cikin zagayowar 1,500.A cewar mutanen da ke da masaniya kan lamarin, an yi amfani da baturin ne a ayyukan ajiyar makamashi na CATL, amma har yanzu babu wani labari a fannin sabbin motocin fasinja masu makamashi.
A cikin wannan lokaci, CATL da Zhiji Automobile tare sun gina batir masu amfani da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da fasahar "cikakken siliki-doped lithium-supplement", yana mai cewa ba za su iya samun raguwa ba kuma "ba za su taba konewa ba" na tsawon kilomita 200,000, kuma iyakar ƙarfin ƙarfin baturin zai iya. kai 300Wh/kg.
Yaɗawa da haɓaka batir ɗin rayuwa yana da takamaiman mahimmanci ga kamfanonin mota, sabbin masu amfani da makamashi har ma da masana'antar gabaɗaya.
Da farko dai, ga kamfanonin mota da masu kera batir, yana ƙara ƙwaƙƙwaran ciniki a cikin yaƙin saita mizanin baturi.Duk wanda zai iya haɓaka ko amfani da batura na tsawon rai da farko zai sami ƙarin magana kuma ya mamaye kasuwanni da farko.Musamman kamfanoni masu sha'awar kasuwar maye gurbin baturi sun fi sha'awar.
Kamar yadda kowa ya sani, ƙasata ba ta riga ta samar da ma'aunin batir ɗin ba a wannan matakin.A halin yanzu, fasahar maye gurbin baturi ita ce filin gwajin majagaba don daidaita ƙarfin baturi.Xin Guobin, mataimakin ministan ma'aikatar masana'antu da fasahar watsa labaru, ya bayyana karara a watan Yunin shekarar da ta gabata, cewa, zai yi nazari tare da tsara tsarin daidaitattun fasahar musanya baturi, da inganta hada girman baturi, musanya baturi, ka'idojin sadarwa da dai sauransu. .Wannan ba wai kawai yana haɓaka musanyawa da haɓakar batura ba, har ma yana taimakawa rage farashin samarwa da haɓaka haɓakar samarwa.
Kamfanonin da ke burin zama madaidaicin saiti a cikin kasuwar maye gurbin baturi suna haɓaka ƙoƙarinsu.Daukar NIO a matsayin misali, dangane da aiki da jadawalin manyan bayanai na baturi, NIO ta tsawaita tsawon rayuwa da darajar batir a tsarin da ake da su.Wannan yana kawo daki don daidaita farashin sabis ɗin hayar baturi BaaS.A cikin sabon sabis na hayar baturi na BaaS, an rage madaidaicin farashin hayar batir daga yuan 980 zuwa yuan 728 a kowane wata, kuma an daidaita fakitin baturi mai tsawo daga yuan 1,680 zuwa yuan 1,128 a kowane wata.
Wasu mutane sun yi imanin cewa gina haɗin gwiwar musayar wutar lantarki tsakanin takwarorinsu ya dace da jagorar manufofin.
NIO jagora ce a fagen musayar baturi.A bara, Weilai ya shiga ka'idar maye gurbin baturi na kasa "zabi daya daga hudu".A halin yanzu, NIO ta gina tare da gudanar da ayyukan musayar batura sama da 2,300 a kasuwannin duniya, kuma ta jawo hankalin kamfanonin Changan, Geely, JAC, Chery, da sauran kamfanonin mota don shiga tsarin musayar batir.Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa, tashar musanya baturi ta NIO tana da matsakaicin musanya batir 70,000 a kowace rana, kuma ya zuwa watan Maris din bana, ta baiwa masu amfani da su musanya batir miliyan 40.
Ƙaddamar da batura masu tsayi da NIO da wuri-wuri zai iya taimakawa matsayinta a kasuwar musayar baturi ya zama mafi kwanciyar hankali, kuma yana iya ƙara nauyin nauyinsa ta hanyar zama ma'auni don canza baturi.A lokaci guda, shaharar batirin dogon rai zai taimaka wa samfuran haɓaka ƙimar su.Wani mai binciken ya ce, "A halin yanzu ana amfani da batir na dogon lokaci a cikin samfura masu inganci."
Ga masu amfani, idan an samar da batura masu tsayi da yawa kuma an sanya su a cikin motoci, gabaɗaya ba sa buƙatar biyan kuɗin maye gurbin baturi a lokacin garanti, da gaske suna fahimtar "tsawon rayuwar mota da baturi."Hakanan ana iya ɗaukarsa azaman rage farashin maye baturi a kaikaice.
Ko da yake an jaddada a cikin sabon littafin garanti na abin hawa makamashi cewa ana iya maye gurbin baturin kyauta yayin lokacin garanti.Koyaya, wanda ya saba da lamarin ya ce maye gurbin baturi kyauta yana ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗa."A cikin ainihin yanayi, ba a samar da sauyawa kyauta ba da wuya, kuma za a ƙi maye gurbin saboda wasu dalilai."Misali, wani tambari yana lissafin iyakokin da ba garanti ba, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine "amfani da mota" Yayin aiwatar da aikin, adadin fitar da baturi ya fi 80% girma fiye da ƙimar ƙarfin baturi."
Daga wannan ra'ayi, baturi na tsawon rai yanzu ya zama kasuwanci mai iya aiki.Amma lokacin da za a yaɗa shi a babban sikeli, ba a ƙayyade lokacin ba tukuna.Bayan haka, kowa zai iya magana game da ka'idar siliki-doped lithium-replenishing fasaha, amma har yanzu yana buƙatar tabbatarwa tsari da gwajin kan jirgin kafin aikace-aikacen kasuwanci."Zagayowar ci gaban fasahar batir na ƙarni na farko zai ɗauki akalla shekaru biyu," in ji wani masanin masana'antu.
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-13-2024